Showing posts with label Steroids. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Steroids. Show all posts

Clomid

Posted by Jadir |

Fertility Drug Clomid knowledge base


What is Clomid?

Clomid(Clomiphene Citrate) also being sold under Serophene brand name. Serophene, Clomid, generic Clomid or a Generic Clomiphene citrate - it's all the same drug.


Clomid being used in two general ways

A. Clomiphene Citrate or Clomid is the most common used fertility drug. And there are several good reasons for that:
- 25% of female factor infertility involves a problem with ovulation
- clomid is easy to use, it's being taken as a pill, so you don't need painful injections
- not too many side effects, minor influence on your health (most common are hot flashes, nausea, mood swings, breast tenderness). All side effects will pass as soon as you quit take clomid.
- clomid is rather cheap compared to other fertility drugs
- clomid effectively stimulates ovulation (about 80% of the time)

B. Clomid also used as anti-estrogen of choice for improving recovery of natural testosterone production. Generic clomid improves testosterone production of endurance athletes.

Number one chioce on reducing risk of gynecomastia during a cycle employing aromatizable steroids.

Clomid is an effective antagonist in the hypothalamus and in breast tissue. It is an effective agonist in bone tissue, and for improving blood cholesterol.

When it comes to anti-estrogens, the best bet may be not in occupying the receptor sites, as does Clomid, but to compete with the testosterone/estrogen balance. At one time, Proviron was deemed a valid choice as an anti-estrogen agent until some of the sophomoric steroid students argued that it didn't have any direct anti-estrogenic properties. True, but it still looks as if it's the best choice if you feel the need to guard against estrogen build up. It does so because DHT acts as a gyno antagonist. (Yet another thing that has been oddly overlooked.) Even when DHT is applied topically it's been shown to reduce gyno in cases where the gyno hadn't been a chronic condition.

Beyond the direct effect of DHT, Proviron has distinct benefits, the first being that as a derivative of DHT it isn't capable of forming estrogen, yet it has a much higher affinity for the aromatase enzyme (which converts testosterone to estrogen) than does testosterone. That means administering it with another aromatizable compound will prevent estrogen build up due to the fact that DHT binds to the aromatase enzyme so strongly. There's also been some suggestion that Proviron may downgrade the actual estrogen receptor, thereby making it twice as effective at reducing circulating estrogen levels. And because DHT has such a high affinity for SHBG it leaves more free testosterone to impart its anabolic effects.

It makes sense that the use of Proviron is a more practical and rational method of dealing with the possibility of excess estrogen than the aforementioned method of attempting to add a weaker estrogen in the hopes that it will prevent aromatization. William Llewellyn touches upon this in Anabolics 2000. He says..."(Proviron) is in contrast to Nolvadex which only blocks estrogen's ability to bind and activate receptors in certain tissues." (such as breast tissue) In other words, the World Anabolic Reference was right when it stated; "Proviron cures the problem of aromatization at the root while Nolvadex simply cures the symptoms." Proviron in moderate doses has been shown to be remarkably safe and free of side effects in most men. If you must use an anti-estrogen, Proviron is the way go.

To this day, I don't feel completely comfortable talking about drugs. It's kind of like talking about sex, or religion, or politics. Opinions are varied and very personal and if one's perspective is in contradiction to anothers, it's a fair bet that it isn't going to be readily embraced. Be that as it may, this is The Bottom Line. And there are some indisputable facts about steroids, irrespective of anyone's personal opinions about their use.

They work.
They will be used.
They aren't as dangerous as some people claim.
They aren't as benign as some people claim.

I've been attacked on both sides of the fence on this issue. I've been accused of encouraging the use of steroids (which is absolutely not true). I've been accused of using steroids extensively (which is absolutely not true) and I've also been accused of being a total weenie and recommending pussy dosages and playing it way too safe. (Which may or may not be true.) I will say, my conservative use has given me a more accurate perspective than that of someone who uses high dosages and combinations of whatever he can get his hands on and then starts evaluating the effects of one or the other. Another reason, maybe the main reason, I don't like talking about drugs is the fact that so
many people don't really listen to what's being said.

They hear what they want to hear. I had one 18 year old guy write to me asking my advice on what was a better stack; Deca and D-bol or Sustanon and Winstrol. I felt this guy needed a reality check so I let him have it. I said; "Here's some advice. Quit bodybuilding! If you can't make gains now, you never will. Real bodybuilding takes guts and hard work and you sound like you don't have it in you, so save yourself the time and trouble of injecting a substance of dubious origin into your bloodstream and take up an easier hobby."

His response?

" I do work hard, I just maxxed out my gains. So should I go with the Deca and D-Bol?"

Ugh.


As awkward as the drug topic may be, I have no problem giving my opinion on the laws surrounding steroids. Make no mistake about it; the so called "war on drugs" is a farce. It cost the taxpayers billions. It doesn't work. It never has. It never will. Don't believe it? All one has to do is take a look at the countries that have adopted a policy of less oppression toward drug users. Drug use is down! Violence and theft stemming from the need for drugs is non-existent. The money once used to incarcerate is now used for rehabilitation. Compare that to the condition as it now exists in the United States.

And just as an aside, there is horrific destruction of property in foreign lands (burning crops, bombing poppy fields) by the U.S. government which may be more responsible for the dissent and disdain against our country than anything else. In those cases, the destruction is designed to stop the import of narcotics which possess a threat to society, although I don't know of anyone who would take a narcotic unless they wanted to. These lip service laws are just a convenient way of grouping everything into one melting pot of government issued morality.

The laws against steroids do not protect anyone. Not you, or me, or our children, or Mom or apple pie or democracy or the republic for which we stand is at risk if someone decides to increase his or her musculature. If someone is caught using steroids, it does not help them or anyone else if they are imprisoned along with murderers and rapists. It's a disgrace that it can happen in this country. But it does.

The anti-drug herd is as clueless as it gets. Their best mode of operation is to try and frighten people but anyone over the age of eleven knows that scare tactics never work. And the more they're used, the more people become anesthetized to them. I all too often hear parents lamenting on how they can keep their kids off of drugs. I think it's pretty simple. A kid will listen to a friend he admires and trusts. Be that friend. But guidance and education aren't enough, apparently. People want the government to raise their kids for them.

Here's the bottom line: In the case of drug laws, for the most part they're designed to insure that no one receives revenue without paying taxes. That's the crime. But it's shrouded by this smokescreen of arrogant indignity and bogus piety. Isn't the government protecting our health, you say? Get real.

And another thing...

If I want to go down into my basement, drink a quart of Vodka, and then juggle a couple of flaming chainsaws...that's my right. As long as nobody else gets hurt, who cares? It's my choice and I'll suffer the consequences.

The health issue regarding steroid use is one that is brought up the most often. A lot of people don't realize this, but the AMA was AGAINST the criminalization of steroids!

But the politicians needed a whipping boy and choosing one that wasn't popular with the general public was the perfect choice. (Only crazy people who want muscles would ever use steroids, right?) This is why I believe it'll be a long, long time before the prohibition against anabolics is revoked. There simply aren't enough people who want it repealed, as was the case with the prohibition of alcohol. Then candidate for President Franklin Delanor Roosevelt knew it was unpopular and by revoking it, he would improve his standing among the populace. Roosevelt went on the win the election. But don't wait for the same thing to happen with steroids. Meanwhile alcoholism is rampant, even among teenagers.

There's also a lot of media generated propaganda surrounding anabolics. Let's face it, it's hard to defend something that has the potential for disaster. Still, I get infuriated when I see ads that say; "Buying drugs supports terrorists." Hell, buying gasoline supports terrorists. It's the illegality of drugs which makes them a viable black market for anyone, maybe even terrorists. So, if anything, it's the inane laws that are put into place that support terrorism. But the honchos in Washington D.C. love to place the blame elsewhere -- and you're as good a place as any.

At the core of all this idiocy is the fact that steroids aren't understood very well by the public. One of the negative stigmas concerning steroid use is the myth of "roid rage." I say myth because I don't believe anyone has ever exhibited violent behavior because they were on steroids. Being a malcontent, mentally unstable asshole on steroids -- that's a different story. But the way I see it, it's like alcohol. You know how some people are "nasty drunks?" Well, it isn't the alcohol that makes them nasty. The alcohol just lowers inhibition. They were nasty all along. The booze just gave them an excuse to be more at ease with being their assholy-selves. It's the same thing with anabolics. If you're an overly aggressive person with all sorts of issues which I really don't care about, the increased strength and heightened sense of well being from additional androgen might turn you into a raging, hostile prick. Don't blame the drugs -- but they do make a handy excuse for coping a plea in court.

It's only natural to side with a conviction based on one's personal preferences, and the issue of steroid use is no different. If you decide not to use steroids...great. But that doesn't mean it's wrong or immoral and those who choose to partake are evil. Yet many people equate morality with legality (which I find more than a little disturbing). And for all of the people who are outraged by unfair laws, there are just as many people who are just fine with them. The truth is, many people want laws. They provide a clear cut guideline. They're safe. Follow them and everything will be alright. (And may you sleep soundly in your beds tonight dear citizens.)

It works the other way too. Those who enforce the laws are by nature bureaucratic thinkers -- in other words, they don't think at all. Their job is to act in a regulated manner and a law is permission to do so, even for atrocities such as slavery or the holocaust. If those references are too abstruse for you, let's bring it a little closer to home. If someone makes a right turn after stopping at a red light in a deserted part of town at 3:00 in the morning, according to the law set forth by the Department of Motor Vehicles, it's no different than someone who runs right through a red light at 3:00 in the afternoon across the street from a schoolyard. Now anyone with an ounce of sense knows that the first person shouldn't be bothered and the second person should have his testicles chopped off with a rusty hatchet. But on the books, it's the same crime. So don't expect to talk any sense into those who enforce it.

Humans are by nature a flocking species and some people aren't much more analytical than sheep. Tell them what to do, or what not to do, and they're just fine with it. Thinking is hard.

There's also the reactionary aspect to drug use. The media loves to sensationalize because that's what gets ratings. Here's an example: What if you saw the words "Child Molested!" as a headline in a newspaper or an opener of a news show? Chances are you'd think of a heinous and vicious crime. But what if the charge was against an 18 year old girl who had sex with an 17 year old boy? Technically, the charge is the same, but suddenly the dynamic is different. It isn't really a "crime" at all. Come to think of it, it's kinda nice. Yet it can be presented as the most vile and egregious act imaginable. Distortions such as this happen all the time. One would think that our founding fathers allowed for freedom of the press in order to insure that the public would get all the facts straight. But news is now entertainment, which means it's a business, which means it's governed by money, which means that any possible twisting of the facts that may lead to a more sensational story is fair game. And drug use makes good copy.

Let's not discount the feminists role in all of this. This nation has been pussified within an inch of its life. Turn on any news show, talk show or TV show in general and anytime you hear the word "testosterone", it's in a negative context. It symbolizes all that is evil about men -- aggression, belligerence, misogyny. Men are vilified if they so much as openly exhibit any masculine traits. Movies that are considered "cute" have women who are thieves, embezzlers or prostitutes and as long as she's presented as the heroine, she'll be so. Women love it. Yet men are depicted as incompetent boobs incapable of cooking, cleaning, child rearing or rational thinking. Women love that too. And men sit back and take it, as if they should somehow be apologetic for having balls. The irony of all of this is that women loathe these wimps whom they've psychologically castrated. Then they wonder; "where are all the real men?"

Think this isn't a feminist driven society? Then tell me this: Why is it that a man can take female hormones to become a woman and it's considered acceptable yet if he takes hormones to become more manly he's a criminal?

Enough politics, philosophy, psychology and sociology.

My original intention for a chapter on drugs was to compose an update of the "Steroids For Health" report which was written in 1997 (published in 1998). Instead, I thought it might be a good idea to look back at it and interject comments along the way. In this way, I could provide updates, insights and retrospection to the basic principles.

Keep in mind, this was six years ago. There wasn't much available information and we were all shooting from the hip back then. Dan Duchaine's original Underground Steroid Handbook is loaded with inaccuracies but that doesn't diminish its significance, nor does it detract from the fact that Dan's insights were nothing short of brilliant. Bill Phillip's Anabolic Reference Guide was a combination of medical text and empirical evidence -- often erroneous and less germane today, nevertheless, it helped people learn more about anabolics -- for better or worse. The Steroid Bible was read by thousands of people and it was little more than generic referencing of the various drugs. The World Anabolic Reference made a giant leap in detailed scientific information along with firsthand application recommendations for bodybuilding and athletic enhancement. Still, it was often guessing and guessing wrong.

According to a lot of folks in the industry, Steroids For Health is a part of that early catalog of steroid information, albeit a less technical one but one which offered another perspective. And for all its foibles and antiquated references, I have to say, it still holds up as pretty good advice.

So here, presented in its original text, as written on an old word processor (hence, no italics -- but hey, I thought I was so high tech that I wasn't using a typewriter!) is the original Steroids For Health article with interspersed epilogue. I trust that it may help you make intelligent decisions regarding the use of steroids.Note: Learn to use the law to your advantage. If you run into any trouble regarding possession of anabolics, call someone who knows your rights. I'd recommend reading LEGAL MUSCLE by Rick Collins. Never, NEVER, NEVER say anything without representation! Check out www.steroidlaw.com and let them do the talking for you. You won't regret it.

Oh yeah!

I will not be discussing every drug used for bodybuilding purposes for two reasons.

One: I don't use them and any advice would not come from firsthand experience,
therefore it would just be a rewording of other material, so you might as well find that
material in the first place if that's what you're looking for.

And Two: I believe substances such as Clenbuterol, Insulin, DNP, Cytomel, Nubain, Synthol, RU486, Dopamine and Diuretics are dangerous and unhealthy and have no place in bodybuilding.

Like everyone else who has ever read a single book (or every book for that matter) on the proper use of anabolics, I usually included a course of Clomid after each cycle. It was the responsible thing to do. So they say. There was just one little problem with this procedure. It seemed to make the recovery and the return of libido, testicular size, sperm count, seminal volume and normal testosterone levels worse. How can this be? Maybe I was just a weird exception to the rule. One doctor suggested I might have some bizarre feedback loop that gave the drug its negative effects. Maybe I was crazy. Maybe not.

The simple truth of the matter is this: the thinking on Clomid is based on some very sketchy evidence which has been parroted endlessly among the bodybuilding community. In a way, I'm at fault myself. Allow me to explain.

A few years back, I co-wrote an article with Brock Strasser called "The Steroid Summit." In that piece, I mentioned Clomid and ejaculate volume. Where I was going with this was the fact that I noticed a definite decrease in ejaculate volume and this would indicate that Clomid wasn't doing what it was supposed to do. Brock replied "Oh yeah, Clomid will definitely increase ejaculate" and he went on to say how male porn stars are using it to enhance their "bursts of drama" so to speak. We were tackling a lot of topics and I didn't want to dispute his contention so I let it go. At any rate, wouldn't you know... the rumor about porn stars and Clomid ran rampant. I started hearing it everywhere, even in places unassociated with bodybuilding.

I knew I couldn't be the only person experiencing negative effects from Clomid so I did a little personal survey. It turns out I wasn't as weird as I thought. Out of over 100 bodybuilders I questioned, about 1 in 4 experienced in the use of steroids and aromatase blockers admitted that Clomid didn't have the effects they were hoping for. Many also claimed that Nolvadex, which has a very similar structure to Clomid, caused a loss in libido and a weak ejaculation. Even among those who felt it helped them, there were complaints about "emotional distress" and "weepiness", both of which suggest an increase in estrogen. So how can anyone be sure Clomid is actually beneficial?

Still, the rumors persist.

I was on a popular internet message board recently and someone was claiming that they weren't getting back their atrophied testicles even after using 50mgs of Clomid for two weeks. The resident "guru" suggested taking 100mgs for another two weeks. This line of thinking is straight from the middle ages when doctors prescribed leeches to cure a disease -- if the patient got sicker from the treatment the solution was; more leeches! Ridiculous? Of course. Some things never change.

There are several major problems associated with Clomid, as well as Arimidex, Nolvadex, Teslac or any other estrogen blocker. For one thing, all these compounds are indiscriminate in how much estrogen they block. So what's bad about that? Well, the whole point of using an anti-estrogen is to protect against the spillover of estrogen that comes with the excessive use of androgens. If the body can't metabolize all that testosterone, it aromatizes into estrogens. What the experts fail to address is the fact that the amount of aromatization varies greatly from individual to individual. If the steroid dosages are moderate, there might not be any aromatization of any consequence, and the anti-estrogens may lower levels below what they were normally! And keep one very important fact in mind. A little estrogen in men is necessary for a healthy libido. (It's also necessary for other things such as bone density, skin tone, etc., but I can't think of anything more important to most men than their dicks.)

More recently, it's even been suggested that estrogen may play a role in the proliferation of androgen receptors. This may explain why some experienced steroid users claim that they get decreased results when adding an anti-estrogen to their stack. It was once thought that anti-estrogens such as Nolvadex decreased IGF-1, but this has not been validated with any concrete evidence. Nevertheless, studies done on rats found that androgen receptor binding was dramatically increased after the administration of estradiol, increasing the anabolic potency of the androgenic steroid. If nothing else, this shows that estrogen is, on some level, directly or indirectly involved in the process of promoting muscle growth. There's also the added element of strength and size gains due to the water retention that estrogen inflicts. And just as a kicker, anti- estrogens may also increase sex hormone binding globulin which is the last thing you want when coming off a cycle.

In the case of Clomid, the effects may be even worse than other anti-estrogens since Clomid is a mild estrogen itself. The basic theory behind its use (which is sounding more and more stupid every day) is essentially that the Clomid will occupy the estrogen receptor sites thus disallowing the formation of more estrogen. Maybe. What's more likely in cases where estrogen levels are normal, the Clomid will simply add more estrogen. This may the reason for some people's apparent aversion to Clomid and its estrogen-like side effects. Even if Clomid did lower estrogen, there's no evidence that lower estrogen will necessarily lead to increased testosterone, yet this is the premise which everyone follows.

Clomid has also been known to produce a decrease in the LH response to LH releasing hormone. This is something that has been known for a while, (findings on this date as far back as 1978) yet curiously ignored. Naturally, studies aren't conducted to benefit the bodybuilder on steroids, so we must learn to read between the line sometimes. In doing so, conclusions can be drawn. All too often steroid gurus draw them incorrectly.

The notion of increased sperm count is also one of contention. Allow me to get technical for a moment and break my own rule about references for a second while I cite this quote from a study done on Clomid. "Treatments with idiopathic oligospermia for six to nine months resulted in a significant increase in gonadotropin testosterone and estradiol levels. A significant increase in sperm density was observed only in subjects with low sperm count below normal basal FSH levels. In cases where sperm density increased, FSH levels decreased, suggesting an inhibitory effect."

What this suggests in plain English is that not everyone reacts to Clomid treatment in the same way and sperm levels must be abnormally suppressed for the drug to be of any benefit. And even in situations where that is the case, the side effect was lowered Follicle Stimulating Hormone, which as you may know, controls the amount of Leutinizing Hormone we release which in turn regulates how much testosterone we have. This is why so many bodybuilders claim to crash after coming off of the Clomid.

Judging from this information it's clear that Clomid, at best, is a crap shoot and its benefits, if any, are temporary. So why is everyone still taking it? Of course, this is hypothesis on my part and a lot of the pedants and pundits will refuse to acknowledge it. After all, all the pros use Clomid. Why should anyone listen to me? They don't have to, but they should.

I was speaking with Jerry Brainum on this very subject. I should mention, Jerry, unlike some of the self-appointed experts that abound on the internet and the world of underground newsletters, is one of the most knowledgeable people in the business on the subject of nutrition and pharmacology. He's been writing on the subject before most of these pseudo whiz kids were born. He knows everybody who is anybody in the world of bodybuilding. When I mentioned my theories about Clomid he said to me; "You're not alone. I don't know a single pro who still uses Clomid."

This in itself speaks volumes. Of course, it may not be the best validation for my argument since there are plenty of pro bodybuilders who are complete jackasses when it comes to knowledge and application of anabolics. He or she usually hires someone who knows something, or more likely, can get something. The protocol is then to load the syringe to the top and keep shooting until the stash is gone. Nevertheless, the fact that Clomid has lost its allure among the higher echelon on the bodybuilding ranks is a sure sign it isn't working well. If it did, they'd all use it, even if they stayed on 365 days a year. Who wouldn't want to maintain testicular size and increase natural production while keeping estrogen low? If Clomid was effective in doing so, there'd be no reason to stop. They know what works and what doesn't. And they know that Clomid sucks. (Of course, there's always some lunkhead who doesn't catch on right away.)

One last thing to keep in mind: Back in the 60's and early 70's no one used anti­estrogens. Look at the pictures of the stars of that time and you'd be hard pressed to find a case of gyno anywhere. Food for thought. The bottom line: If dosages are kept sane, Clomid wouldn't be needed -- even if it worked well, which it doesn't.

Forget Clomid. For more effective methods of keeping excess estrogen in check, read on.







Those who have used creatine products such as creatine monohydrate or creatine phosphate realize the effects that more creatine can provide. When anabolic/androgenic steroids (AAS) are administered they cause an increase in Phosphocreatine (CP) synthesis. Let me explain why this creatine stuff is such a cool thing.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the fuel that your muscles use to actuate contractions. For this to happen ATP must be changed into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) so that energy can be released. This in turn allows for muscular contractions. In order to convert ADP back into the energy source ATP phospcreatine (CP) is needed. So the more CP that is available, the greater the regeneration of ADP to ATP and the greater the work capacity of the muscle at an accelerated rate. There was once a belief that elevated cellular CP levels added strength but not size. Obviously this belief was crushed when creatine products hit the supplement market. Increased CP levels also increase cellular glycogen and protein stores (amino acids) in muscle tissue. This action of course AAS do quite well and so do creatine products. So CP also increases cellular size, due to an increase in intercellular nutrient volume.

STEROIDS POSITIVELY EFFECT FAT

AAS have a positive effect upon fat distribution and storage. There are 3 reasons for this. The first reason is that AAS reduce the amount of insulin released in response to nutrient intake and improved insulin sensitivity. This is in part due to an improved CP synthesis rate and other metabolic factors resulting in an athlete's muscle cells becoming better able to absorb nutrients such as carbohydrates in the form of glucose and glycogen and proteins in the form of amino acids. Insulin is anti-catabolic and anabolic. Great for muscle cells, but it also causes the conversion of glucose into glycerol and then into triglycerides. Insulin can therefore increase fat stores and growth of fat cells. A decrease in insulin release and an increase in insulin sensitivity means better utilization of nutrients for muscle growth.

The second reason AAS effect fat is because testosterone blocks the activity of a fat-synthesizing hormone called lipoprotein lipase. Since lipoprotein lipase is blocked, less can be produced and stored. GH also has this effect.

The third way testosterone affects fat synthesis is not positive. When testosterone levels are elevated, more is converted into estrogens by way of the conversion enzyme aromatase. This is called aromatization. Estrogen in turn increases female pattern fat deposits and suppresses HPT A function. At least estrogen can increase GH production.

The main androgen focused upon for this discussion is testosterone. But please realize that almost all synthetic AAS are chemical variants of testosterone and therefore much of the characteristics apply to them as well. (But not all!) Testosterone has two distinct characteristics or effects.

First, its anabolic characteristics (tissue building) which express themselves as increased and accelerated muscle tissue build-up which leads to faster recovery time after training- illness, and injuries, and to a quicker "regeneration" (I hate that word!) of the entire body. This is because an anabolic response leads to the promotion of protein synthesis and tissue repair or increase.

Secondly, androgenic characteristics or effects which are commonly referred to as secondary male characteristics that promote sexual behavior, libido, development and maturing of the penis, body hair, beard growth, deeper voice, aggressiveness, and formation and maturation of sperm. And of course, as any pubescent boy will tell you. increased production of the sebaceous gland and pimples.

As mentioned before, circulatory levels of testosterone also effect HPTA function, so I should not list it as a characteristic unless I also list pretty much every other sex-hormone as well.

When discussing the characteristics of testosterone or its androgen cousins and synthetic AAS relatives, it is important to understand the difference between free (or active) testosterone and bound (or inactive) testosterone/AAS (Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids). Bound testosterone is inactive because it is bound to SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin) and to a lesser degree, albumin. The sex-steroid molecules are bound by SHBG contained in the blood, which prevents them from fitting into their receptors. That will be explained later. Free (unbound/active) testosterone is able to transmit its characteristics because it fits into receptors. Bound testosterone equals about 97-99% of total testosterone circulation while free testosterone equals 1-3% of total testosterone.

That probably does not sound like much, but even 0.1-0.3 mg of free testosterone has a whole lot of individual separate molecules. And 1 molecule can activate every receptor-site it binds to. Males have a total testosterone reference range of 225-950 ng/dl (nanograms per decaliter). And a free testosterone reference range for males is 1-3% of the total testosterone reference range. Females have a total testosterone reference range of 14-76 112/dl and a free testosterone reference range of 0.5-1.8 ng/dl.

Bound testosterone can be unbound due to metabolic requirements and different steroid molecules. And both endogenous and exogenous AAS can react differently to SHBG. For this reason some synthetic AAS can alter the ratio for any other free and/or bound androgenic levels.

Most steroid molecules are specific to their respective cell receptors. This means only testosterone/androgen/AAS molecules can fit into (and transmit their respective message) testosterone/androgen receptor-sites. This is due to shape and size much like a key and a lock: Some keys can fit into other locks, but only the right key can fit in and activate the mechanism. Steroid molecules travel through the blood stream and lymphatic system. This means that everywhere blood goes, the molecules are sure to follow. Using muscle cells as an example, testosterone molecules circulate until they come into contact with testosterone/androgen receptor-sites on the muscle cell. Then they lock together and they form a complex called (what else?) a steroid / receptor complex. Now the complex travels to the cell nucleus where it can bond to specific sequences on the nucleic acid sections of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Here is where a transcription happens and a template of the DNA is created, resulting in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). The mRNA exits the cell nucleus and bonds to/with RNA in the liquid part of the cell called the cytoplasm. Here a translation of the message takes place and an increase in protein synthesis occurs. There is a correlating decrease in catabolism as well. This is because testosterone molecules can occupy Cortisol receptor-sites and block them. Therefore Cortisol can not get in to transmit its message. The results are growth! A simple way of looking at this is... you go to someone's house to deliver a message and their mom relays it exactly so the job gets done. Sony about the techno-geek info, but it helps later.


Technorati Profile

(And hormones men share with them)

Women produce testosterone without testicles. (DUH!) A woman's sex hormones are produced starting at the adrenal glands and ovaries. Through a series of conversion enzyme pathways (chemicals that alter the molecular structure of other chemicals) their bodies svnthesize the necessary sex. Glucocorticoid, and Mineralocorricoid steroids.

Mineralocorticoid hormones like Aldosterone regulate mineral balances such as electrolytes and their correspondmg water retention and release. Aldosterone is responsible to a great extent for the bloated look and edemas women experience during menstruation. Aldosterone release is significantly affected by other hormones such as estrogens. High estrogen levels result in high aldosterone levels, which in turn result in high water retention.

Glucocorticoid steroids are catabolic (tissue wasting) steroids winch break down predominantly damaged tissues for repair and subsequent reuse. The catabolized issues can be reused as an energy source, or as a source of ammo acids (proteins) for assimilation into new tissue. Yes. this Borg-Hke hormone class will assimilate healthy muscle tissue also to maintain homeostasis (a balance between building and tearing down). The main glucocorticoid steroid hormone focused upon for this book long discussion is Cortisol due to the fact that it has a profound catabolic effect upon muscle tissue. Before you think, "Why don't muscleheads just stop all Cortisol synthesis somehow and be the next Mr. or Ms. Olympia ?", let me explain. Their intent is to regulate, not stop, Cortisol production. Tissue can not be rebuilt or made bigger and stronger unless it is first damaged and cleared of the waste products created. Coitisol aids in this metabolic process. Without it. anabolic (tissue building) hormones and chemicals would greatly lose their effects (and immune systems would fail to work adequately). So their goal is to allow enough coitisol for proper catabolism and immune function, but not so much as to allow catabolism to become dominant over anabolism. Cortisol activity can also be controlled site-specifically, but that is a complete different issue. Both men and women endogenously (naturally occurring in the body) synthesize mineralocorticoid and alucocorticoid steroids.






Before reading the following chapters it is vital the reader has a basic understanding of natural testosterone production and its actions. I realize that it is probably pretty boring for many readers but I have also found it is quite necessary foundational knowledge. Besides the obvious, it is kind of fun to find out what else "the boys" can do anyway. I wish to warn any sensitive readers about my writing style: Though some may take offense at my candidness concerning any topic including sexuality (yes, I said the "S" word) I apologize to no one who chooses to read beyond this point. Simply stated, it is my right to freedom of expression and your right to choose not to read on or agree. (Yes. I once received a letter declaring me "perverse" for the words..."the boys became raisins no sun could shrink worse".)

There are several sex hormones. Some such as estradiol, estrone, and progesterone are sex hormones referred to as estrogens. Androstenedione, androstenediol. and testosterone are referred to as naturally occurring endogenous (made inside the body) androgens. The former group is the prominent hormones in females responsible for the formation of female pattern fat deposits such as in breast, hips, and buttock areas as well as the formation and maturation of the female sex organs. The latter group. Androgens, are the prominent hormones in males that are responsible for characteristics such as a deeper voice, increased muscle and bone mass, facial hair, increased body hair, male sex organ formation and development, and aggressiveness.

You would think that last characteristic was true of estrogens too. since PMS is a defense for murder! (It is)

Both men and women produce androgens and estrogens. Women's dominant production is estrogens, and men's dominant production is androgens. Reverse this and each will take on their counter-parts characteristic to quite some extent. Our main focus for the following chapters is the male androgen testosterone and its almost endless derivatives and esters.

On average, men produce 4-10 mg of testosterone daily. This means that an average male can synthesize 28-70mg of endogenous testosterone weekly. However, before we go on, a basic understanding of other hormones is necessary also.




Having been around for nearly 40 years now, anabolic steroids are considered relatively old drugs. Unlike the more glamorous designer drugs produced of late, anabolic steroids are primarily derivatives of testosterone that act on the body’s hormonal axis. In the 40's, injectable testosterone was manufacture primarily for the treatment to people suffering severe malnutrition, mainly POW's. In the early 50's, scientists became convinced that testosterone was responsible for masculine characteristics in men. At around that time, athletes in the eastern world were already using anabolic injections in an effort to increase their strength. As Russian athletes crushed weight lifting records with surprising regularity some members of the medical community became convinced that the use of anabolic steroids were responsible. Since that time, as fitness in general and bodybuilding in particular "came out of the closet" in the 70’s and became an accepted passtime of the mainstream, anabolic steroid usage has become increasingly prevalent (6 & 60). Today, of all recreational drugs used by the general population, anabolic steroids are by far the most common. Steroid abuse is the fastest-growing form of drug abuse in the U.S. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration estimates nationwide that there are 500,000 heroine and 500,000 crack cocaine abusers. Some recent estimates suggest that in excess of 4 million athletes have used anabolic steroids for physique or performance enhancement in the United States.

The Four Primary Benefits to Bodybuilders from Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic Steroids react on the body in four primary ways.

1. Anabolic steroids increase the deposition of protein as muscle or protein biosynthesis.
2. Anabolic steroids increase oxygenation of the blood
3. Anabolic steroids promote the retention of nitrogen -- and indication that protein is being converted to muscle.
4. Anabolic steroids prevent catabolism, or the naturally occurring breakdown of lean muscle tissue.

Anabolic steroids when combined with resistance training and a diet high in calories -- specifically protein, cause an increase in protein synthesis which in turn provides protein molecules used by the body to increase the size and strength of the skeletal muscle cell -- skeletal muscles being the major muscles of the body. The obvious goal of the bodybuilder is muscular hypertrophy or growth and anabolic steroids can accelerate this process. To maintain this hypertrophy, periodic stimulation (weight lifting) of the muscle is necessary. Without this stimulation, the protein synthesis process will reverse and the skeletal muscle will atrophy.

The cycle of protein in the body is constantly changing. The body is in a continual cycle of anabolism (muscle building) vs. catabolism (muscle breakdown). Anabolic steroids alter this cycle and prevent to a certain degree the catabolic phase and may actually bind to the cortisone receptors of cells preventing the highly catabolic hormone cortisol from binding to muscle cells and releasing protein. Methandrostenolone has a dramatic effect on cortisol; perhaps this is one reason for its tremendous efficacy. This cortisol binding inhibition, makes resistance training more effective as the muscle is now only growing. Reacting on the receptor sites of a muscle cell -- anabolic steroids promote nitrogen retention by the muscle. Nitrogen is a component of protein. When more nitrogen is retained than released, a muscle is said to be in a positive nitrogen balance state. A positive nitrogen balance equals muscle growth.

Anabolic steroids therapy in athletes increases the production of a nitrogenous compound called Creatine Phosphate (CP). CP promotes the storage of certain enzymes in a muscle cell including ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). ATP is used by the body for muscle contractions. This enzyme breaks down to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) which is the fuel used to make muscles move. As more Creatine Phosphate is available, the conversion of ATP to ADP is enhanced meaning that strength will increase. Incidentally, this is the effect that is thought to be facilitated through creatine monohydrate supplementation -- making this a supplement of significant interest as of late. Oxandrolone, an oral anabolic steroid, is thought to significantly increase CP production by the muscle. This is likely the reason many athletes find Anavar to increase strength even when mass may not increase.

Anabolic steroids lead to an increase in the body’s actual blood volume. Two to three weeks into a steroid cycle, blood volume increases by 10% to 20%. Athletes who have used steroids, refer to this as the "steroid pump" or a condition that develops during resistance training whereby, a muscle develops a much larger, more vascular appearance. This "steroid pump" is actually a side effect of the increase in blood volume specifically the red blood cells -- the oxygen carrying component of blood. The increase leads to greater blood flow to the working muscles during training periods. Besides the obvious desirable appearance of an enlarged muscle, the muscle becomes stronger as well. Obviously, this increases training intensity and is a stimulus for new growth. The second benefit to athletes relates to oxygen efficiency with increased RBC (red blood cell) volume. This reported increase in blood volume is the major benefit of steroids to endurance athletes. After the steroid therapy is discontinued, extra plasma volume returns to the normal level, leaving behind an increased RBC count. This increased hemoglobin concentration can increase maximum aerobic capacity. A similar beneficial effect can be achieved through a process known as blood doping. Blood doping involves the reinfusion of blood into an athlete prior to athletic competition. An athletes blood is removed, cooled to increase oxagenation, and then injected back into the athlete.

Steroids themselves, possess both anabolic and androgenic properties. Anabolic means the steroids will promote the building of tissue or muscle. Androgenic means that steroids will promote the secondary male sex characteristics. These characteristics are the ones that are primarily affected during adolescence. They include: growth of body hair, growth of facial hair, male pattern baldness, the deepening of the voice, increased production of oil on the skin by the sebaceous glands, development of the penis, sexual behavior, and maturation of the sperm. Primarily the androgenic effects of steroids are the ones that athletes do not want. We do not want the development of male pattern baldness, or increased body hair. The search has been on since the 1960’s to develop a steroid that is 100% anabolic and 0% androgenic. Unfortunately, such a product has not been invented. Steroids range from highly anabolic / low androgenic to highly anabolic / highly androgenic to low anabolic / highly androgenic.

The other negative effect of anabolic steroids relates to steroid toxicity. Toxic steroids are primarily the oral ones and are subject to processing by the liver. This liver processing is harsh and is best avoided. When making the personal decision to use anabolic steroids, one would want to pay special attention to the better steroids which are low in androgenic properties and low in toxic properties. This consideration greatly reduces the side effects that could potentially be experienced on a steroid cycle.


This section includes anabolic steroids and other drugs that athletes use to increase performance, cosmetic appearance, and inhibit side effects. These drugs are effective on both cutting and bulking cycles.

RATINGS: These items are rated based on a scale of one to ten. One is the low end of the scale and ten the high end. The ratings are based on a risk to benefit factor with risk referring to the dangers to one’s health and benefit referring to the drugs efficacy at providing the intended result -- increased performance, improved cosmetic appearance, and reduced side effects. Items receiving a rating of one to three are usually excluded because they tend to have no positive training effect. No items received a perfect ten as a performance enhancement drug has yet to be invented that provides risk free, exceptional results. The steroids with a higher rating, are low androgenic and low toxic items.

AVERAGE DOSAGES: These dosages are what the majority of research on steroid use has shown to be optimal for increased performance, improved cosmetic appearance, and reduced side effects. The raw data on these dosages varied largely from one individual to another. What is presented in the drug profile is a sample mean of these readings.

PRICES: Prices are included in some profiles. These are black market estimated prices unless the pharmaceutical price in the country of origin is specified -- converted to U.S. dollars. Black market prices and availability vary enormously.

Profile Components: We have provided all the information that is at our disposal on each substance. Any specific topic not covered as it pertains to a specific substance indicates that not enough reliable information was available.

Pharmaceutical Name: anastrozole

Brand Names: Zenica Pharmaceuticals: Arimidex, 1MG tabs.

Description: Arimidex is an anti-Estrogen drug originally intended to treat advanced breast cancer. It is reserved for postmenopausal women whose cancer has progressed in spite of treatment with drugs like tamoxifen. While other drugs such a Nolvadex and Clomid work by merely blocking Estrogen receptors Arimidex works by inhibiting the enzyme aromatase altogether. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of Testosterone and other androgens into estrogen and estradiol. As we know, high levels of Estrogen in men is the cause of water retention and the growth of breast tissue in men, a condition known as Gynocomastia (Gyno or bitch tits). Bodybuilders may use this drug to prevent aromatization while on a high androgen cycle.

Effective Dose: 1MG a day for four days will completely rid your body of all estrogen.

Pharmaceutical Price: $5 per tab. Average Street Price: $17-$30 per tab.

Side Effects: The down side of this drug is that it will completely shut down the production of estrogen. This is not as good as it sounds since low levels of estrogen are needed to potentate the effectiveness of androgens as well as normal bodily functions. One approach might be to take one cap every third day along with Clomid instead of daily. This would ensure that estrogen levels are being suppressed enough to prevent side effects but not so low that it interferes with normal bodily functions.

Counterfeits:No known counterfeits.
Effectiveness Rating: 9

Pharmaceutical Name: Nandrolone Decanoate

Brand Names:

Countries of Origin: Anaboline 50 mg/ml; Adelco GR
Androlone-D 200 (o.c.) 200 mg/ml; Keene U.S.
Deca-Durabolin 25 mg/ml; Bender A; Donmed
South Africa;
Organon G. B. CH,DK, ES, GB, GR, I,NL, PL, Fl, Hermes/
Organon YUDeca-Durabolin 50 mg/ml;
Organon G. B. CH, DK, ES, FR, GB,U.S,GR, I, NL, PL,FI;
Mexico, Thailand
Hermes/Organon
YU, Steris U.S.,
Bender A, Donmed
South Africa
Deca-Durabolin t100~ 100 mg/ml; Organon NL
Deca-Durabolin 100 mg/ml; Organon GB, GR,
Fl, Canada, U.S.,
Steris U.S.
Deca-Durabolin 200 mg/ml; Steris U.S.
Deca-Durabol 25, 50, 100 mg/ml; Organon S
Elpihormo 50 mg/ml; Chemica GR
Extraboline 50, ml; Genepharm GR
Hybolin Decanoate 50, 100 mg/ml; Hyrex U.S.
Jebolan 50 mg/ml; EtemTK
Nandrolone Dec. 50, 100, 200 mg/ml; Steris U.S.
Nandrol. Dec. (o.c.) 100 mg/ml; Lyphomed U.S.,
Quad U.S.
Nandrobolic L.A. (o.c.) 100 mg/ml; Forest U.S.
Neo-Durabolic (o.c.) 100, 200 mg/ml; Hauck U.S.
Nurezan 50 mg/ml; RafarmGR
Retabolil 25 mg/ml; Gedeon Richter U,BG
Retabolil 50 mg/ml; Gedeon RichterHU,BG
Retabolin 50 mg/ml; Medexport Russia
Sterobolin (o.c.) 50 mg/ml; Orion FL
Turinabol Depot (o.c.) 50 ma/ ml; Jenapharm G
Turinabol Depot 50 mg/ml; Jenapharm BG, CZ
Ziremilon 50 mg/ml; Demo GR

Veterinary:
Anabolicum 25 mg/ml; 10 ml/50 ml Bela-Pharm G
Norandren 50 50 mg/ml; 10 ml/50 ml Brovel Mexico

DYNABOLON: (Nandrolone Undecanoate) 80.5 milligrams per injection. This is a French anabolic steroid similar to Deca-Durabolin but slightly more androgenic. It produces dramatic increases in size and strength. Average dosages are in the area of 2 to 4 ccs a week. It is popular in Italy. It is often preferred over Deca-Durabolin because it is less expensive.

Description: Injectable steroid derivative of 19-Nortestosterone. This product is a favorite to thousands of steroid users. Deca is the most widely used and most widely available steroid in America. Manufactured by numerous domestic pharmaceutical suppliers, it is one of a diminishing number of steroids that are available at American pharmacies. It promotes excellent size and strength gains. This steroid has been used for cutting and for bulking. Deca has a reputation for alleviating sore joints and tendons. Athletes report that sore shoulders, knees and/or elbows are somehow without pain on the Deca cycle. This drug dramatically improves nitrogen retention and recuperation time
between workouts.

Effective Dose: Men: 200-400 mg per week; Women: 50-100 mg per week.
Average Street Price: $30 per vial

Stacking
Athletes have stacked it with virtually every drug and reported positive results. It seems to be an excellent base drug on any cycle.

Side Effects: Deca can be used by almost all athletes, with positive results and very few side effects. The drug is a moderate androgen, highly anabolic compound. It has minimal liver toxicity and only aromatizes in excessive dosages. Deca does have an effect on the body's natural hormone axis yet it is not nearly as pronounced as it is with drugs like testosterone. Unfortunately, Deca has very stubborn metabolites which have been known to show up on a steroid test as long as 12 months after it was administered. This, in combination with the number of athletes using it, has contributed to its showing up on more steroid tests than any other compound. For this reason, any athlete that has the potential of being subjected to a steroid test should not be using Deca. For those who are not steroid tested, it remains the number one choice.

Counterfeits:Deca is the most popularly counterfeited steroid on the market. Effectiveness Rating: 9

DURABOLIN: (nandrolone phenlypropionate) 50 mg/cc, 2 cc/vial.

Almost identical to Deca-Durabolin except it is active for less than a week. Shots must be administered around two times weekly where as Deca can be taken as little as once every 10 days. Durabolin can yield dramatic results similar to Deca; in fact, it is one of the safest, most effective steroids available to athletes. It is produced domestically and costs about $15 per vial.

ACTIVIN: Spanish Nandrolone Phenylpropionate -- 4 ampules 10 mg each.

NANDROLIN: Veterinarian Durabolin. TROBOLIN: Veterinarian Durabolin 10 ml vials 50 mg/ml.

FHERBOLICO: (Nandrolone Ciclohexilpropionate) 50 mg x 3 injections (one amp each). A Spanish steroid derivative of 19-Nortestosterone. It is similar in action to Durabolin and is used in a dose of 100-200 mg weekly. Also, Anabolin and Nandrocot.

NANDRABOLIN: (Nandrolone Laurate) 25 mg or 50 mg per cc 50 cc/vial. This veterinarian steroid is found primarily in Canada and Europe. It is a very long acting version of Deca. Whereas Deca can stay active in the system for two weeks, this product is usually active from three to four. Nandrabolin is only available in low milligram doses. This product is presently not being counterfeited and is cheap.

LAURABOLAN: This is a version of Mexican Nandrabolin

NORABOLIN: A veterinarian steroid containing nandrolone laurate.


Sustanon: The "king" of testosterone blends.

The four different testosterone esters in this product certainly look appealing to the consumer, there is no denying that. But for the athlete I think it is all just a matter of marketing (Hell, why buy one ester when you can get four?). In clinical situations I can see some strong uses for it. If you were undergoing testosterone replacement therapy for example, you would probably find Sustanon a much more comfortable option than testosterone enanthate. You would need to visit the doctor less frequently for an injection, and blood levels should be more steadily maintained between treatments. But for the bodybuilder who is injecting 4 ampules of Sustanon per week, there is no advantage over other testosterone products. In fact, the high price tag for Sustanon usually makes it a very poor buy in the face of cheaper testosterone enanthate/cypionate. Bodybuilders should probably stop looking at the four ester issue, and stick with totals (Sustanon is just a 250mg testosterone ampule). Were enanthate to be available for say $10 per amp of 250mg, and Sustanon priced nearly double that, buying the Sustanon would be like throwing money away. If you could get nearly double the milligram amount for the same price with enanthate, this is the better product to go with hands down. Leave the high priced stuff for the guys who don't know any better.

IN CONCLUSIONWhile the advent of esters certainly constitutes an invaluable advance in the field of anabolic steroid medicine, clearly you can see that there is no magic involved here. Esters work in a well-understood and predictable manner, and do not alter the activity of the parent steroid in any way other than to delay its release. Although the lure surrounding various steroid products like testosterone cypionate, Sustanon, Omnadren etc. certainly makes for interesting conversation, realistically it just amounts to misinformation that the athlete would be better off ignoring. Testosterone is testosterone and anyone who is going to tell you one ester form of this (or any) hormone is much better than another one should do a little more research, and a lot less talking.
Acetate: Chemical Structure C2H4O2.

Also referred to as Acetic Acid; Ethylic acid; Vinegar acid; vinegar; Methanecarboxylic acid. Acetate esters delay the release of a steroid for only a couple of days. Contrary to what you may have read, acetate esters do not increase the tendency for fat removal. Again, there is no known mechanism for it to do so. This ester is used on oral primobolan tablets (metenolone acetate), Finaplix (trenbolone acetate) implant pellets, and occasionally testosterone.
Propionate: Chemical Structure C3H6O2.

Also referred to as Carboxyethane; hydroacrylic acid; Methylacetic acid; Ethylformic acid; Ethanecarboxylic acid; metacetonic acid; pseudoacetic acid; Propionic Acid. Propionate esters will slow the release of a steroid for several days. To keep blood levels from fluctuating greatly, propionate compounds are usually injected two to three times weekly. Testosterone propionate and methandriol dipropionate (two separate propionate esters attached to the parent steroid methandriol) are popular items.

Phenylpropionate: Chemical Structure C9H10O2.Also referred to as Propionic Acid Phenyl Ester. Phenylpropionate will extend the release of active steroid a few days longer than propionate. To keep blood levels even, injections are given at least twice weekly. Durabolin is the drug most commonly seen with a phenylpropionate ester (nandrolone phenylpropionate), although it is also used with testosterone in Sustanon and Omnadren.
Isocarpoate: Chemical Structure C6H12O2.

Also referred to as Isocaproic Acid; isohexanoate; 4-methylvaleric acid. Isocaproate begins to
near enanthate in terms of release. The duration is still shorter, with a notable hormone level being sustained for approximately one week. This ester is used with testosterone in the blended products Sustanon and Omnadren.
Caproate: Chemical Structure C6H12O2.

Also referred to as Hexanoic acid; hexanoate; n-Caproic Acid; n-Hexoic acid; butylacetic acid; pentiformic acid; pentylformic acid; n-hexylic acid; 1-pentanecarboxylic acid; hexoic acid; 1-hexanoic acid; Hexylic acid; Caproic acid. This ester is identical to isocarpoate in terms of atom count and weight, but is laid out slightly different (Isocaproate has a split configuration, difficult to explain here but easy to see on paper). Release duration would be very similar to isocaproate (levels sustained for approximately one weak), perhaps coming slightly closer to enanthate due to its straight chain. Caproate is the slowest releasing ester used in Omnadren, which is why most athletes notice more water retention with this compound.
Enanthate: Chemical Structure C7H14O2.

Also referred to as heptanoic acid; enanthic acid; enanthylic acid; heptylic acid; heptoic acid; Oenanthylic acid; Oenanthic acid. Enanthate is one of the most prominent esters used in steroid manufacture (most commonly seen with testosterone but is also used in other compounds like Primobolan Depot). Enanthate will release a steady (yet fluctuating as all esters are) level of hormone for approximately 10-14 days. Although in medicine enanthate compounds are often injected on a bi-weekly or monthly basis, athletes will inject at least weekly to help maintain a uniform blood level.
Cypionate: Chemical Structure C8H14O2.

Also referred to as Cyclopentylpropionic acid, cyclopentylpropionate. Cypionate is a very popular ester here in the U.S., although it is scarcely found outside this region. Its release duration is almost identical to enanthate (10-14 days), and the two are likewise thought to be interchangeable in U.S. medicine. Althletes commonly hold the belief than cypionate is more powerful than enanthate, although realistically there is little difference between the two. The enanthate ester is in fact slightly smaller than cypionate, and it therefore releases a small (perhaps a few milligrams) amount of steroid more in comparison.
Decanoate: Chemical Structure C10H20O2.

Also referred to as decanoic acid; capric acid; caprinic acid; decylic acid, Nonanecarboxylic acid. The Decanoate ester is most commonly used with the hormone nandrolone (as in Deca-Durabolin) and is found in virtually all corners of the world. Testosterone decanoate is also the longest acting constituent in Sustanon, greatly extending its release duration. The release time with Decanoate compounds is listed to be as long as one month, although most recently we are finding that levels seem to drop significantly after two weeks. To keep blood levels more uniform, athletes (as they have always known to do) will follow a weekly injection schedule.
Undecylenate: Chemical Structure C11H20O2.

Also referred to as Undecylenic acid; Hendecenoic acid; Undecenoic acid. This ester is very similar to decanoate, containing only one carbon atom more. Its release duration is likewise very similar (approximately 2-3 weeks), perhaps extending a day or so past that seen with decanoate. Undecylenate seems to be exclusive to the veterinary preparation Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate), although there is no reason it would not work well in human-use preparations (Equipoise certainly works fine for athletes). Again, weekly injections are most common.
Undecanoate: Chemical Structure C11H22O2.

Also referred to as Undecanoic Acid; 1-Decanecarboxylic acid; Hendecanoic acid; Undecylic acid. Undecanoate is not a commonly found ester, and only appears to be used in the nandrolone preparation Dynabolan, and oral testosterone undecanoate (Andriol). Since this ester is chemically very similar to undecylenate (it is only 2 hydrogen atoms larger), it has a similar release duration (approximately 2-3 weeks). Although this ester is used in the oral preparation Andriol, there is no reason to believe it carries any properties unique of other esters. Andriol in fact works very poorly at delivering testosterone, bolstering the idea that oral administration is not the idea use of esterified androgens.
Laurate: Chemical structure C12H24O2.

Also referred to as Dodecanoic acid, laurostearic acid, duodecyclic acid, 1-undecanecarboxylic
acid, and dodecoic acid. Laurate is the longest releasing ester used in commercial steroid production, although longer acting esters do exist. Its release duration would be closer to one month than the other esters listed above, although realistically we are probably to expect a notable drop in hormone level after the third week. Laurate is exclusively found in the veterinary nandrolone preparation Laurabolin, perhaps seen as slightly advantageous over a decanoate ester due to a less frequent injection schedule. Again athletes will most commonly inject this drug weekly, no doubt in part due to its low strength (25mg/ml or 50mg/ml)



There are many different esters that are used with anabolic/androgenic steroids, but again, they all do basically the same thing. Esters vary only in their ability to reduce a steroid's water solubility. An ester like propionate for example will slow the release of a steroid for a few days, while the duration will be weeks with a decanoate ester. Esters have no effect on the tendency for the parent steroid to convert to estrogen or DHT (dihydrotestosterone: a more potent metabolite) nor will it effect the overall muscle-building potency of the compound. Any differences in results and side effects that may be noted by bodybuilders who have used various esterified versions of the same base steroid are just issues of timing. Testosterone enanthate causes estrogen related problems more readily than Sustanon, simply because with enanthate testosterone levels will peak and trough much sooner (1-2 week release duration as opposed to 3 or 4). Likewise testosterone suspension is the worst in regards to gyno and water bloat because blood hormone levels peak so quickly with this drug. Instead of waiting weeks for testosterone levels to rise to their highest point, here we are at most looking at a couple of days. Given an equal blood level of testosterone, there would be no difference in the rate of aromatization or DHT conversion between different esters. There is simply no mechanism for this to be possible.

There is however one way that we can say an ester does technically effect potency; it is calculated in the steroid weight. The heavier the ester chain, the greater is its percentage of the total weight. In the case of testosterone enanthate for example, 250mg of esterified steroid (testosterone enanthate) is equal to only 180mg of free testosterone. 70mgs out of each 250mg injection is the weight of the ester. If we wanted to be really picky, we could consider enanthate slightly MORE potent than cypionate (I know this goes against popular thinking) as its ester chain contains one less carbon atom (therefore taking up a slightly smaller percentage of total weight). Propionate would of course come out on top of the three, releasing a measurable (but not significant) amount more testosterone per injection than cypionate or enanthate.



I'm sure that if you have taken an interest in anabolic steroids you have noticed the similarities on the labeling of many drugs. Let's look at testosterone for example. One can find compounds like testosterone cypionate, enanthate, propionate, heptylate; caproate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate, decanoate, acetate, the list goes on and on. In all such cases the parent hormone is testosterone, which had been modified by adding an ester (enanthate, propionate etc.) to its structure. The following question arises: What is the difference between the various esterified versions of testosterone in regards to their use in bodybuilding?

An ester is a chain composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This chain is typically attached to the parent steroid hormone at the 17th carbon position (beta orientation), although some compounds do carry esters at position 3 (for the purposes of this article it is not crucial to understand the exact position of the ester). Esterification of an injectable anabolic/androgenic steroid basically accomplishes one thing, it slows the release of the parent steroid from the site of injection. This happens because the ester will notably lower the water solubility of the steroid, and increase its lipid (fat) solubility. This will cause the drug to form a deposit in the muscle tissue, from which it will slowly enter into circulation as it is picked up in small quantities by the blood. Generally, the longer the ester chain, the lower the water solubility of the compound, and the longer it will take to for the full dosage to reach general circulation.

Slowing the release of the parent steroid is a great benefit in steroid medicine, as free testosterone (or other steroid hormones) previously would remain active in the body for a very short period of time (typically hours). This would necessitate an unpleasant daily injection schedule if one wished to maintain a continuous elevation of testosterone (the goal of testosterone replacement therapy). By adding an ester, the patient can visit the doctor as infrequently as once per month for his injection, instead of having to constantly re-administer the drug to achieve a therapeutic effect. Clearly without the use of an ester, therapy with an injectable anabolic/androgen would be much more difficult.

Esterification temporarily deactivates the steroid molecule. With a chain blocking the 17th beta position, binding to the androgen receptor is not possible (it can exert no activity in the body). In order for the compound to become active the ester must therefore first be removed. This automatically occurs once the compound has filtered into blood circulation, where esterase enzymes quickly cleave off (hydrolyze) the ester chain. This will restore the necessary hydroxyl (OH) group at the 17th beta position, enabling the drug to attach to the appropriate receptor. Now and only now will the steroid be able to have an effect on skeletal muscle tissue. You can start to see why considering testosterone cypionate much more potent than enanthate makes little sense, as your muscles are seeing only free testosterone no matter what ester was used to deploy it.

Some Rules To Follow When You Decide To Break The Rules

Opinions on steroid use tend to fall into two distinct categories. You have those who are vehemently opposed to them, swearing that they're the scourge of sports -- then you have the advocates, the hardcore bodybuilders who will do everything and anything to build muscle and steroids are at the top of the list. It's either one way or the other. No yin. No yang.

Neutrality within controversial topics is rare. More rare is the willingness to see both sides of the picture. If you're dead set against the use of pharmaceutical enhancement for either moral, ethical, medical or legal reasons, you'll have plenty of arguments to support your conviction. Steroids, used irresponsibly, can cause a host of complications. However, many such "anti-roid" assessments stem from a lack of credible information and far too many people draw conclusions and cast aspersions on those who wish to partake based solely on prejudice and ignorance. These are the people who always know a guy who knew a guy, who had a friend who knew a guy whose brother worked with somebody who had a neighbor who knew a guy who took steroids and his head exploded.

The truth is, the potential side effects of steroid use are mostly dose and duration related. Unfortunately, it's that very fact that prompts some bodybuilders to consider drug use an almost benign endeavor. No one thinks they take too much. Everyone believes they have things under control. Problems only happen to the "other guy."

Simply put, steroids are drugs, and there is no such thing as a completely safe drug. They certainly don't deserve to be on par with narcotics (although they're classified as a schedule II drug) yet, they can easily be abused. Attempting to set a guideline for responsible use of steroids isn't unlike setting boundaries for responsible alcohol use -- it's too ambiguous and open to interpretation. No one ever wakes up and says; "I'm going to be an alcoholic!" But it happens to millions of people each year. The same can be said for steroid use. Thousands upon thousands of men and women have sworn; "I want to do just ONE cycle!" Nice try. But once you've dipped into that bag of tricks, it's difficult to resist its allure and subsequent cycles are almost sure to follow. The better the gains, the greater the temptation to push the envelope further. And once you get used to feeling like Superman, it's tough to go back to being Mr. Normal. That's when you've got a problem, whether you're willing to admit it or not.

The only sane approach to steroid use, for those of you who've already decided to take the plunge, is to use them in a judicious fashion following certain stipulations. Once again, parameters become blurred by the individual's ability to rationalize. A tweak here and an alteration there won't make much of a difference, will it? Maybe. Maybe not. But only by staying within the boundaries can you be sure (or as close to it as possible) to avoid contraindications.

If there was a "rule book" of sorts on safe steroid use, it may look something like the following. It's a check list of protocols that will insure you keep the risk to benefit ratio leaning in your favor.

Rule No.1: No one under the age of 24 should use steroids.

Until the age of 24, your body is overflowing with testosterone and growth hormone. If you can't make progress without drugs when you're still young, you need to re-evaluate a few things -- mainly your training and your supplementation. There's no reason why you shouldn't be able to progress on a consistent basis without drugs. And if you can't, chances are you won't do much better with drugs. Steroids will also close the growth plates of long bones so if you haven't reached full height, steroids may prevent further skeletal development, not to mention, they'll be shutting down your hormonal system at a time when it's reaching maturity. Don't mess with your reproductive system at this point. You're going to need it.

Rule No. 2: You shouldn't commence steroid use until natural pathways have been exhausted.

Even if you're over 24, steroids should never be used as a shortcut. In doing so, you'll be cutting yourself off from ever reaching your full potential. You don't know what you're capable of until at least 5 years of training naturally. After that, if you honestly believe you've reached your genetic peak and cannot make any further progress, then and only then, should you consider taking steroids.

Rule No. 3: A full medical check up, including blood work is essential.

Moderate steroid use, if it were legal, is usually safe for a healthy adult. Still, there's no telling how someone will react to any foreign substance. Check with a doctor to make sure you aren't taking any unnecessary risks. Most bodybuilders forgo this process because finding a physician who is open minded in the usage of anabolics may be hard to come by. Steroids can place a strain on the vital organs and if you have any underlying problems, they may be exasperated. A second blood test following the cycle would also be a good idea to see how well you reacted to the drugs.

Rule No. 4: All cycles should be no longer than 3 weeks in length.

This goes against conventional thinking but it makes perfect sense. The greatest gains come when the receptors are fresh. Why not make the most of this precious "window of opportunity?" Then get out and get clean. Naturally, gains won't be massive due to the abbreviated cycle length, but remember, smaller gains are much easier to maintain. It doesn't matter if you put on 30 pounds if you lose 20 of them. (In fact, if you put on that much, chances are you'll lose the last 10 as well because you'll be in such a catabolic state once you come off and "crash.") But a gain of 6-7 pounds in three weeks -- that, the body can handle. Also, the shorter the cycle, the quicker the endocrine system can normalize.

Rule No. 5: Dosages should be kept to an absolute minimum.

There are certain self-proclaimed steroid gurus who are advocating megadoses of steroids going with the assumption that; "If you're going to suppress your natural testosterone anyway, you might as well take as much as possible." That line of thinking may sound logical, but all you have to do is take a look at some of the champions from the 60's and early 70's to prove it wrong. Men like Larry Scott, Don Howorth, Sergio Oliva, Harold Poole, Dave Draper, Frank Zane and many, many more made outstanding gains using just a couple of Dianabol a day! And they accomplished it without the hideous side effects such as impotence, bloated bellies, and swollen nipples which are so prevalent among today's professional bodybuilders. That's because they knew how to train and how to eat. They didn't just let the drugs do everything. There's a valuable lesson to be learned there.

Rule No.6: Avoid substances that pose the biggest risk.

This may appear to be a "no-brainer," but you'd be surprised how often this rule is broken. The reasoning is usually due to the fact that only certain drugs may be available. That doesn't make it okay! Anadrol, Halotestin, Parabolin, and most testosterones are but a few that can cause irreparable damage. Although a milligram of steroid is a milligram of steroid in terms of the way it affects muscle cell, certain drugs have a lower risk to benefit ratio. But even steroids that are considered mild can have negative side effects. Deca-Durabolin has long been a popular choice among bodybuilders, mostly because it's a powerful anabolic with few androgenic side effect, yet new evidence suggests that Deca will still suppress the HPTA (hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular-axis ) as much, if not more, than straight testosterone. It also produces progesterogenic effects making it a culprit in the development of "bitch tits." (Gynecomastia) Winstrol and Anavar are potent oral steroids with a favorable profile which makes them superior to more harsh orals like Dianabol. (Although Dianabol is known to have the biggest bang for the buck). But as is the case with all orals, they can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and lower HDL (good cholesterol) levels. Since the pill dosage of both Winstrol and Anavar is so low, up to 30 tablets a day are required, placing a strain on your liver as well as your bank account.

The one steroid considered by many as the "most safe" would be Primobolan Depot. It's as close to a perfect steroid as possible in that it retains nitrogen extremely well (allowing for more muscle growth via the ingestion of protein) with virtually no endogenous suppression of testosterone. (If cycles are kept short). The drawback of Primobolan is that it won't produce "spectacular" gains. It's also expensive. This encourages many bodybuilders to eschew Primo and go with something like Testosterone Cypionate which is cheap and will cause dramatic size spurts in a relatively short time. Unfortunately, as with most testosterone esters, the gains are lost shortly after cessation of use. The muscle from Primobolan tends to be more solid, and should be maintained once the cycle is terminated. (Note* This may be due to the very fact that it's so weak.)

There's also an oral version of Primobolan (Acetate) which is not liver toxic, the reason being it isn't 17-alpha-alkylated. The alkylated process is what prevents the liver from breaking it down, thus placing it under additional stress. The down side of a non-17-alpha-alkylated oral steroid is, the drug remains in your system for only a few hours necessitating several doses throughout the day. Primobolan tablets once came in 50mgs, which meant four a day were all that were required for an effective dose. Most Primo tabs manufactured today come in only 5 mgs! This makes it ideal for women but completely impractical for men. Forty pills a day at a dollar per pill is simply out of most bodybuilders' budgets.

Rule No. 7: Once gains cannot be made with 1000mgs a week, it's time to stop -- for good.

Each time you do a cycle, the body will develop more of a tolerance until it requires higher and higher dosages to induce gains. If you get to the point where a total of 1000mgs a week isn't producing noticeable gains, it's time to call it quits. That means, let it go entirely. Accept the fact that you've obtained far more muscle than you could have naturally and cut yourself off. If you try to continue beyond this point with ever increasing dosages, you may never make it back to a normal lifestyle. You may be bound for a life of dependency.

Steroid use is a personal decision, one that should not be condemned or condoned. Anyone who makes a conscious choice to use drugs must understand the risks and accept responsibility for the repercussions. Although such an individual isn't a threat to society and shouldn't be treated as such, the lawmakers see it differently and that's a stark reality that must be taken under consideration. Since anabolic use is illegal in North America, the danger of dealing with a black market becomes a significant factor. Counterfeits, bootlegs and veterinarian products are often passed as genuine pharmaceutical grade merchandise. Some products contain no active ingredients at all. Some may actually be contaminated. Anyway you slice it, you're taking a chance. You can't be too careful.

There may not be such a thing as "totally safe" steroid use, but if you keep within these guidelines, you stand a much better chance of avoiding a catastrophe from which there may be no return. Play it smart. Play it safe. Grow in peace. Try MuscoMax Supplement first - it's natural and can replace using steroids.